This figure likely includes Finnish-born ethnic Swedes repatriated to Sweden and as such might be misleading. Finns are traditionally divided into smaller regional groups that span several countries adjacent to Finland, both those who are native to these countries as well as those who have resettled.

Also, some of these may be classified as separate ethnic groups, rather than subgroups of Finns. Finnish , the language spoken by Finns, is closely related to other Balto-Finnic languages , e.

Estonian and Karelian. The Finnic languages are a subgroup of the larger Uralic family of languages , which also includes Hungarian.

These languages are markedly different from most other languages spoken in Europe, which belong to the Indo-European family of languages.

Native Finns can also be divided according to dialect into subgroups sometimes called heimo lit. Today, there are approximately 6—7 million ethnic Finns and their descendants worldwide, with majority of them living in their native Finland and the surrounding countries, namely Sweden , Russia and Norway.

An overseas Finnish diaspora has long been established in the countries of the Americas and Oceania , with the population of primarily immigrant background, namely Australia , Canada , New Zealand , Brazil and the United States.

The Population Register Centre maintains information on the birthplace, citizenship and mother tongue of the people living in Finland, but does not specifically categorize any as Finns by ethnicity.

The majority of people living in Finland consider Finnish to be their first language. According to Statistics Finland , of the country's total population of 5,, at the end of , In addition to the Finnish -speaking inhabitants of Finland, the Kvens people of Finnish descent in Norway , the Tornedalians people of Finnish descent in northernmost Sweden , and the Karelians in the historic Finnish province of Karelia and Evangelical Lutheran Ingrian Finns both in the northwestern Russian Federation , as well as Finnish expatriates in various countries, are Baltic Finns.

Finns have been traditionally divided into sub-groups heimot in Finnish along regional, dialectical or ethnographical lines.

These subgroups include the people of Finland Proper varsinaissuomalaiset , Satakunta satakuntalaiset , Tavastia hämäläiset , Savonia savolaiset , Karelia karjalaiset and Ostrobothnia pohjalaiset.

These sub-groups express regional self-identity with varying frequency and significance. There are a number of distinct dialects murre s.

An estimated , first- or second-generation immigrants from Finland live in Sweden, of which approximately half speak Finnish.

The majority moved from Finland to Sweden following the Second World War, taking advantage of the rapidly expanding Swedish economy. This emigration peaked in and has been declining since.

There is also a native Finnish-speaking minority in Sweden, the Tornedalians in the border area in the extreme north of Sweden. The Finnish language has official status as one of five minority languages in Sweden , but only in the five northernmost municipalities in Sweden.

Among these groups, the Karelians is the most populous one, followed by the Ingrians. According to a census, it was found that Ingrians also identify with Finnish ethnic identity, referring to themselves as Ingrian Finns.

It is a matter of debate how best to designate the Finnish-speakers of Sweden, all of whom have migrated to Sweden from Finland.

Terms used include Sweden Finns and Finnish Swedes , with a distinction almost always made between more recent Finnish immigrants, most of whom have arrived after World War II , and Tornedalians , who have lived along what is now the Swedish-Finnish border since the 15th century.

Historical references to Northern Europe are scarce, and the names given to its peoples and geographic regions are obscure; therefore, the etymologies of the names are questionable.

It has been suggested that this non- Uralic ethnonym is of Germanic language origin and related to such words as finthan Old High German 'find', 'notice'; fanthian Old High German 'check', 'try'; and fendo Old High German and vende Old Middle German 'pedestrian', 'wanderer'.

Yet another theory postulates that the words finn and kven are cognates. The Icelandic Eddas and Norse sagas 11th to 14th centuries , some of the oldest written sources probably originating from the closest proximity, use words like finnr and finnas inconsistently.

However, most of the time they seem to mean northern dwellers with a mobile life style. An etymological link between the Sami and the Finns exists in modern Uralic languages as well.

It has been proposed that e. But it is not known how, why, and when this occurred. Petri Kallio has suggested that the name Suomi may bear even earlier Indo-European echoes with the original meaning of either "land" or "human".

The first known mention of Finns is in the Old English poem Widsith which was compiled in the 10th century, though its contents is probably older.

Among the first written sources possibly designating western Finland as the land of Finns are also two rune stones. One of these is in Söderby, Sweden, with the inscription finlont U , and the other is in Gotland , a Swedish island in the Baltic Sea , with the inscription finlandi G M dating from the 11th century.

The genetic basis of future Finns also emerged in this area. They began to move upstream of the Dnieper and from there to the upper reaches of the Väinäjoki , from where they eventually moved along the river towards the Baltic Sea in — years BC.

The second wave of migration brought the main group of ancestors of Finns from the Baltic Sea to the southwest coast of Finland in the 8th century BC.

During the 80— generations of the migration, Finnish language changed its form, although it retained its Finno-Ugric roots. Material culture also changed during the transition, although the Baltic Finnish culture that formed on the shores of the Baltic Sea constantly retained its roots in a way that distinguished it from its neighbors.

Finnish material culture became independent of the wider Baltic Finnic culture in the 6th and 7th centuries, and by the turn of the 8th century the culture of metal objects that had prevailed in Finland had developed in its own way.

Just as uncertain are the possible mediators and the timelines for the development of the Uralic majority language of the Finns. On the basis of comparative linguistics, it has been suggested that the separation of the Finnic and the Sami languages took place during the 2nd millennium BC, and that the Proto-Uralic roots of the entire language group date from about the 6th to the 8th millennium BC.

When the Uralic languages were first spoken in the area of contemporary Finland is debated. Therefore, Finnish was already a separate language when arriving in Finland.

Furthermore, the traditional Finnish lexicon has a large number of words about one-third without a known etymology, hinting at the existence of a disappeared Paleo-European language; these include toponyms such as niemi "peninsula".

For example, the origins of such cultural icons as the sauna , the kantele an instrument of the zither family , and the Kalevala national epic have remained rather obscure.

Agriculture supplemented by fishing and hunting has been the traditional livelihood among Finns. Slash-and-burn agriculture was practiced in the forest-covered east by Eastern Finns up to the 19th century.

Agriculture, along with the language, distinguishes Finns from the Sami , who retained the hunter-gatherer lifestyle longer and moved to coastal fishing and reindeer herding.

Christianity spread to Finland from the Medieval times onward and original native traditions of Finnish paganism have become extinct.

Finnish paganism combined various layers of Finnic, Norse, Germanic and Baltic paganism. Finnic Jumala was some sort of sky-god and is shared with Estonia.

Belief of a thunder-god, Ukko or Perkele , may have Baltic origins. Local animistic deities, "haltia", which resemble Scandinavian tomte , were also given offerings to, and bear worship was also known.

Christianity was introduced to Finns and Karelians from the east, in the form of Eastern Orthodoxy from the Medieval times onwards.

However, Swedish kings conquered western parts of Finland in the late 13th century, imposing Roman Catholicism.

Reformation in Sweden had the important effect that bishop Mikael Agricola , a student of Martin Luther , introduced written Finnish, and literacy became common during the 18th century.

When Finland became independent, it was overwhelmingly Lutheran Protestant. A small number of Eastern Orthodox Finns were also included, thus the Finnish government recognized both religions as "national religions".

In Whereas, in Russian Ingria, there were both Lutheran and Orthodox Finns; the former were identified as Ingrian Finns while the latter were considered Izhorans or Karelians.

Baltic Finns are traditionally assumed to originate from two different populations speaking different dialects of Proto-Finnic kantasuomi.

Thus, a division into West Finnish and East Finnish is made. Further, there are subgroups, traditionally called heimo , [58] [59] according to dialects and local culture.

Although ostensibly based on late Iron Age settlement patterns, the heimos have been constructed according to dialect during the rise of nationalism in the 19th century.

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